DWMC-16: Instruction Set V0.4 - Deprecated

With my emulator going strong in its development and me already thinking about the Control Logic and how I want to deal with it... I think that I need another list of operations.

Which will have a few modifications and additions that come with another set of types of memory access/addressing. Such as a difference between local and global addressing. Local Addressing can only access the local 64kWords sector of memory, while the global memory can access the entirety of the memory.

Legend¶

Rd	Destination Register
Rs, Rs2	Source Registers
PR	Program Counter
C	Constant Number
Addr16	Memory Address (16 bit)
Addr24	Memory Address (24 bit)
ST	Stack Pointer
F	Flag bit
MSB	Most Significant Bit
LSB	Least Significent Bit

OpCode Encoding¶

I will also add a list of opcode designs

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Type 1: One word opcodes without registers

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								Register/Flag				0	0	0	0

Type 2: One word opcodes with one register

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								Destination Register				Source Register

Type 3: One word opcodes with two registers

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Word 1	Address Low Word

Type 4: Two word opcodes with address for local memory sector

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								Register/Flag				0	0	0	0
Word 1	Address Low Word

Type 5: Two word opcodes with one register and address for local memory sector

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								Destination Register				Source Register
Word 1	Address Low Word

Type 6: Two word opcodes with two registers and address for local memory sector

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Word 1	Address High Word
Word 2	Address Low Word

Type 7: Three word opcodes with address for global memory access

	MSB								LSB
	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
Word 0	Opcode								Register/Flag				0	0	0	0
Word 1	Address High Word
Word 2	Address Low Word

Type 8: Three word opcodes with one register and address for global memory access

Data Transfer Operations (8 Operations)¶

Command	Mnemonic	Operation	Opcode	OpType	Affected Flags
Load Direct Local	`ldl Rd, Addr`16	Rd <= Memory[Addr16]	`0b00001000/0x0`8	5	None
Load Direct Global	`ldg Rd, Addr24`	Rd <= Memory[Addr24]	`0b00001001/0x0`9	8	None
Load Indirect	`ldi Rd`	Rd <= Memory[Z]	`0b00001010/0x0`A	2	None
Load Constant	`ldc Rd, C`	Rd <= C (PC+1)	`0b00001100/0x0`C	5	None
Store Direct Local	`stl Rs, Addr`16	Memory[Addr16] <= Rs	`0b00010000/0x10`	2	None
Load Direct Global	`stg Rs, Adr24`	Memory[Addr24] <= Rs	`0b00010001/0x11`	8	None
Store Indirect	`sti Rs`	Memory[Z] <= Rs	`0b00010010/0x12`	2	None
Move	`mv Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rs	`0b00100000/0x20`	3	None

The Load Constant is the new operation, meant to directly load any 16 bit constant into a register, allowing to get around any Z register shenanigans.

Arythmic Logical Operations (13 Operations)¶

Command	Mnemonic	Operation	Opcode	OpType	Affected Flags
Add	`add Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rd + Rs	`0b01000101/0x45`	3	C, QC, HC, TC, Z, N, O
Increment	`inc Rd`	Rd <= Rd + 1	`0b01010101/0x55`	2	C, QC, HC, TC, Z, N, O
Substract	`sub Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rd - Rs	`0b01100101/0x65`	3	C, QC, HC, TC, Z, N, O
Decrement	`dec Rd`	Rd <= Rd - 1	`0b01110101/0x75`	2	C, QC, HC, TC, Z, N, O
Bitwise AND	`and Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rd & Rs	`0b01000010/0x42`	3	Z
Bitwise OR	`or Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rd	Rs	`0b01000011/0x43`	3
Bitwise XOR	`xor Rd, Rs`	Rd <= Rd ^ Rs	`0b01000001/0x41`	3	Z
Bitwise NOT	`not Rd`	Rd <= ~Rd	`0b01000000/0x40`	2	Z
Logical Shift Left	`lsl Rd`	Rd <= Rd << 1
LSB <= Carry
Carry <= MSB	`0b01000110/0x46`	2	C, Z
Logical Shift Right	`lsr Rd`	Rd <= Rd >> 1
MSB <= Carry
Carry <= LSB	`0b01000111/0x47`	2	C, Z
Logical Rotate Left	`lrl Rd`	Rd <= Rd << 1
LSB <= MSB	`0b01010110/0x56`	2	None
Logical Rotate Right	`lrr Rd`	Rd <= Rd >> 1
MSB <= LSB	`0b01010111/0x57`	2	None
Logical Switch Byte	`lsb Rd`	Rd[Low] <= Rd[High]
Rd[High] <= Rd[Low]	`0b01001000/0x48`	2	None

The Opcodes for the Arythmic Logic Operations look a bit strange, but that is mostly because I want to push the lowest three bits of the Opcode directly into the ALU and the other three bits can then be used to distinguish between the other operations that are similar.

Like Addition, Sustraction making use of the same logic circuits, for example. I also just realised that I can use two of those bits to directly push into the ALU to set the type of 'addition'. Bit 5 for indicating whether or not the operation is a substractive operation , while Bit 4 indicated of the operation is an increment/decrement.

The same is true for the Shift and Rotate operations, as they make use of the same logic, with the only difference being whether the shift happens through the carry bit or not.

The Logic Switch Byte is meant to switch the two bytes of the 16 bit words used by the DWMC-16 quickly, an operation useful if a program needs to push/pul data from an 8 bit IO device.

Conditional Branch Instructions (10 Operations)¶

Command	Mnemonic	Operation	Opcode	OpType	Affected Flags
Branch local if Flag	`blf F, Addr`16	if (F == 0): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10000000/0x80`	4	None
Branch if not Flag	`bnf F, Addr`16	if (F != 0): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10000001/0x81`	4	None
Branch if Bit	`bb B, Addr`16	if (B == 0): PC <= Addr16	`0b10000010/0x8`2	4	None
Branch if not Bit	`bnb B, Addr`16	if (B !=0): PC <= Addr16	`0b10000011/0x8`3	4	None
Branch if Zero, Decrement	`bzd Rd, Addr`16	if (Rd == 0): PCL <= Addr16
else Rd <= Rd - 1	`0b10000100/0x8`4	4	C, Z, N
Branch if not Zero, Decrement	`bnzd Rd, Addr`16	if (Rd != 0): PCL <= Addr16
else Rd <= Rd - 1	`0b10000101/0x85`	4	C, Z, N
Branch if Registers Equal	`breq Rs, Rs2, Addr`16	if (Rs == Rs2): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10000110/0x86`	5	C, Z, N
Branch if Registers not Equal	`brne Rs, Rs2, Addr`16	if (Rs != Rs2): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10000111/0x8`7	5	C, Z, N
Branch if greater then	`bgt Rs, Rs2, Addr`16	if (Rs > Rs2): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10001000/0x8`8	5	C, Z, N
Branch if greater then or equal	`bge Rs, Rs2, Addr`16	if (Rs >= Rs2): PCL <= Addr16	`0b10001001/0x89`	5	C, Z, N

Even with the new global addressing, I believe that the vast majority (>99%) of branches happen locally, so for the moment, I do not see a need for global branching.

Also added the new Brach if (not) Bit operations for Test Register R08.

Other Operations (12 Operations)¶

Command	Mnemonic	Operation	Opcode	OpType	Affected Flags
Jump Local Direct	`jpl Addr`16	PCL <= Addr16	`0b11000000/0xC0`	4	None
Jump Global Direct	`jpg Addr24`	PC <= Addr24	`0b11000001/0xC`1	7	None
Jump Local Indirect	`jpli`	PCL <= Z	`0b11000010/0xC`2	1	None
Jump to Local
Subroutine	`jpls Addr16`	ST <= PC + 1;
PCL <= Addr16	`0b11000100/0xC`4	4	None
Jump to Global
Subroutine	`jpgs Addr24`	ST <= PC + 1:
PC <= Addr24	`0b11000101/0XC5`	6	None
Return	`ret`	PC <= ST	`0b11001000/0xC`8	1	None
Return from Interrupt	`reti`	PC <= ST (see post)	`0b11001001/0xC`9	1	Any
Push to Stack	`push Rs`	ST <= Rs	`0b11010000/0x`D0	2	None, Any
Pop from Stack	`pop Rd`	Rd <= ST	`0b11010001/0x`D1	2	None, Any
Set Flag	`sf F`	F <= 1	`0b11100000/0x`E0	2	Any
Reset Flag	`rf F`	F <= 0	`0b11100001/0x`E1	2	Any
Set Bit	`sb B`	R08[B] <= 1	`0b11100010/0xE2`	2	None
Reset Bit	`rb B`	R08[B] <= 0	`0b11100011/0xE`3	2	None
No operation	`nop`	No operation	`0b11111111/0xFF`	1	None

The Return from Interrupt operation does what it says on the tin, and was discussed in this post.

I've also decided to have the hardware of Test Register R08 and the Flag Register to be identical, which will allow me to set/reset single bits in the Test Register without need to use an OR operation and a mask.

Conclusion¶

With that, the number of instructions raises to 45 operations again.